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Israel and the apartheid analogy is a comparison between Israel's treatment of the Palestinians and South Africa's treatment of non-whites during its apartheid era, or a comparison of the Israeli concept of hafrada (separation) with the South African concept of apartheid〔Clark, Jeanne Ellen. (Engaging the Apartheid Analogy in Israel/Palestine. ) Willamette University. p. 5〕 or the crime of apartheid. The analogy has been used by some scholars, United Nations investigators, and human rights groups critical of Israeli policy. Critics of Israeli policy say that "a system of control" in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including the ID system, Israeli settlements, separate roads for Israeli and Palestinian citizens around many of these settlements, military checkpoints, marriage law, the West Bank barrier, use of Palestinians as cheaper labour, Palestinian West Bank exclaves, inequities in infrastructure, legal rights, and access to land and resources between Palestinians and Israeli residents in the Israeli-occupied territories, resembles some aspects of the South African apartheid regime, and that elements of Israel's occupation constitute forms of colonialism and of apartheid, contrary to international law.〔e.g. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, A/HRC/4/17, 29 January 2007, pp. 3, 23 ()〕 Some commentators extend the analogy to include treatment of Arab citizens of Israel, describing their citizenship status as second-class. Opponents of the analogy claim that the comparison is factually, morally,〔 and historically inaccurate and intended to delegitimize Israel.〔〔(''The Apartheid Propaganda'' ) Gerald M. Steinberg〕〔〔 Opponents state that the West Bank and Gaza are not part of sovereign Israel. They argue that though the internal free movement of Palestinians is heavily regulated by the Israeli government, the territories are governed by the elected Palestinian Authority and Hamas leaders, so they cannot be compared to the internal policies of apartheid South Africa.〔〔 With regard to the situation within Israel itself, critics of the analogy argue that Israel cannot be called an apartheid state because unlike South Africa which enshrined its racial segregation policies in law, Israeli law is the same for Jewish citizens and other Israeli citizens, with no explicit distinction between race, creed or sex. However, others believe that even if Israeli law does not make explicit distinction between categories of citizens, by creating benefits for IDF service, which is not mandatory for Arabs, in effect it privileges Jewish citizens and discriminates against non-Jewish, and particularly Arab, citizens of the state. ==History of the analogy== In 1961, the South African prime minister, and the architect of South Africa's apartheid policies, Hendrik Verwoerd, dismissed an Israeli vote against South African apartheid at the United Nations, saying, "Israel is not consistent in its new anti-apartheid attitude ... they took Israel away from the Arabs after the Arabs lived there for a thousand years. In that, I agree with them. Israel, like South Africa, is an apartheid state."〔The Empire's New Walls: Sovereignty, Neo-liberalism, and the Production of Space in Post-apartheid South Africa and Post-Oslo Palestine/Israel. Andrew James Clarno. 2009. p. 66–67〕 Since then, a number of sources have used the apartheid analogy in their examination of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In 1967, after the Six-Day War, David Ben-Gurion stated that unless Israel managed to 'rid itself of the territories and their Arab population as soon as possible,' it would become an apartheid state.〔Shourideh C. Molavi,''Stateless Citizenship: The Palestinian-Arab Citizens of Israel,''BRILL 2013 p. 99, n. 118.〕 In the early 1970s, Arabic language magazines of the PLO and PFLP compared the Israeli proposals for a Palestinian autonomy to the Bantustan strategy of South Africa.〔 In 1979 the Palestinian sociologist Elia Zureik argued that while not ''de jure'' an apartheid state, Israeli society was characterized by a latent form of apartheid.〔Elia Zureik,''The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism,'' Routledge & K. Paul, 1979 p. 16:'While official ''de jure'' apartheid of the African variety does not exist in Israel, national apartheid on the latent and informal levels ... is a characteristic feature of Israeli society.' cited by David Lyon 'Identification, colonialism, and control: surveillant sorting in Israel/Palestine', in Elia Zureik, David Lyon, Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.), ''Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power,'' Routledge 2011 pp. 49–65, p. 58〕 The analogy emerged with some frequency in both academic and activist writings in the 1980–90s,〔Shourideh C. Molavi, ''Stateless Citizenship: The Palestinian-Arab Citizens of Israel,''BRILL 2013 p. 99〕 when Uri Davis, Meron Benvenisti, Richard Locke and Anthony Stewart employed the analogy to describe Israel's treatment of the Palestinians. In the 1990s, the analogy gained prominence after Israel, as a result of the Oslo Accords, granted the Palestinians limited self-government in the form of the Palestinian Authority and established a system of permits and checkpoints in the Palestinian Territories. The analogy has gained additional traction following Israel's construction of the West Bank Barrier.〔 By 2013 the analogy between the West Bank and Bantustans of apartheid-era South Africa was widely drawn in international circles.〔(Settler policy imperils Israel's foundations, ''Financial Times'', 21 February 2013 ): "Faced with widely drawn international parallels between the West Bank and the Bantustans of apartheid South Africa, senior figures in Mr Netanyahu's Likud party have begun to admit the danger."〕 Also in the United States, where the notion had previously been taboo, Israel's rule over the occupied territories was increasingly compared to apartheid.〔(Obama urged: act tough on Israel or risk collapse of two-state solution (''The Guardian'', 19 March 2013) )〕〔(Palestinians draw parallels with Mandela's anti-apartheid struggle (The Guardian, 12 December 2013 ) "Comparisons between the former regime in South Africa and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories have become relatively commonplace—not just by Palestinians and their supporters, but also among Israelis and the international community."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Israel and the apartheid analogy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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